System Model & Actors

  • Client: Wants to obtain a resource protected by x402. Holds one or more assets.

  • Merchant: Serves the resource. Publishes an x402 offer priced in one or more accepted assets.

  • Facilitator (Router): Provides routes (quotes) to convert the client’s haveAsset into a wantAsset acceptable to the merchant, then executes settlement.

  • Receipt Verifier: Logic/library embedded in merchant infra to validate that the settlement matches the RouteQuote bound to the x402 offerId.

Threat model highlights: MEV/price drift, quote tampering, replay, facilitator dishonesty, partial fill, settlement failure.

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